I am a big fan of public transport. The fuel or electricity it uses divided by the number of people it takes from A to B makes it the greenest option. I am utterly irritated by drivers who choose their car over municipal transport, when it is available, and day to day find themselves puffing out clouds of exhaust in traffic jams and complaining about congestion. I love Krakow's public transport promotion campaign (korki-potworki) and am strongly against continuous widening of roads in city centres as it only encourages people to drive more. I am quite passionate on this subject and have always been curious what schemes different municipalities apply to discourage people from unnecessary, or should I rather say "avoidable", driving in cities...
Say, London applies a daily congestion charge of £8, which keeps a lot of drivers away from central areas; they park on the suburbs and use public transport. Stockholm levies a congestion tax on vehicles entering and exiting the city. Apparently Singapore was the first to introduce it as far back as 1975 and to follow up with an electronic system in 1998.
Many cities purposely make their parking fees too high for people to choose to park in central locations. This is probably true of most cities on Earth! Some, like Hong Kong, discourage car purchase by imposing very high taxes on car import. Some cities enforce zoning and permits, restricting entry to some roads to permit holders only. Paris is applying a policy of shrinking road space, essentially closing some roads for transport. Holland is known as a cycling country and the culture has been well supported by appropriate urban planning with cycling paths.
On one of my first weeks in Hong Kong, I found out from a Filipino colleague that Manila applies license plate restrictions: even and odd numbers are only allowed to drive on assigned days of the week, and get fined otherwise. I remember, even with my uncompromising views on this matter, I found this approach too drastic: it does not matter where you leave and what public transport options you have, you do not get a choice to pay for your way in, it's black-and-white: if your license plate ends in 4 or 6, bad luck, today you don't get to drive to work. Despite obvious unfairness and disruptive character of such "blanket" policy, it is apparently amazingly popular and is widely practiced by São Paulo, Mexico-city, Athens and many more major metropolises from the US to China. Some reviews cite the weakness of this method to be the fact that richer drivers can purchase a second and third vehicle to circumvent the ban (!). Ooops.
I also remember American "car-pool" concept, where you are only allowed to drive on the fast lane if you have a passenger or, in some states, two. In Jakarta the rule is applied to most major central streets and is known as "3-in-1" rule: you've got to have at least two passengers to be able to drive through those major streets, otherwise, you are confined to the traffic jams of smaller side streets. I was recently chatting to my Indonesian colleague. My memory still holding on to flashbacks of some of the most scary traffic jams I've seen, I was wondering if she drives in Jakarta:
"Oh, it would be too expensive. I'd have to pay for fuel, for a driver, for a jockey."
"A jockey? What is that?"
"We have a "3-in-1" rule! You can't really drive without a jockey!"
"So do you look for people that are going in the same direction to pair up with?"
"No, it's their job. There are very many. They line up by the side of the road and you pay them some 10,000 rupiah (1 USD) so you could go on the 3-in-1 road."
This was a shock that took several days to sink in. Human mind is truly creative! I can only continue to marvel at how ingenious people can get in the face of poverty... and in the face of preposterous public policies.
*****
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Umrze we mnie co nienazwane
Co mi oczy jak róże płomieni
Dni jednakim rytmem pobiegną
Znieczulone, rozsądne, żałosne
Tylko życia straszliwe piękno
Mnie ominie nieśmiałą wiosną
Za daleko jej będzie do mnie
Kiedy się dziwić przestanę
Będzie po mnie, będzie po mnie
Będzie po mnie, będzie po mnie
Będzie po mnie, po mnie
Słowa: Jonasz Kofta, muzyka: Czesław Niemen